Economics Class 12th Chapter 2nd national income Notes
Adam Smith is known as the father of modern economics. He was a resident of Scotland and was a professor at the University of Glasgow. His published book ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’ Before Smith, the physiocrats of France were great thinkers of political economics. Now let’s talk about national income.
Consumer goods are those goods that directly satisfy human needs, they are not use for the production of other goods.
Capital Goods
Capital goods are those goods which are use for many years in the process of production, they are fixed assets of the producer eg plant and machinery.
consumer durables
Durable consumer goods – these are goods that are use for many years Example 1) T.v 2) Car 3) Washing Machine
Intermediate goods
Intermediate goods are those goods which have not yet crossed the threshold of production. Prices of these items are not yet fully determined, they are yet to be increase in value. They are not yet ready for use by end-users. For some it is the final commodity; for some it is the intermediate object. Example- Milk is the intermediate commodity for the tea maker and for a common man who wants to drink a glass of milk at night, milk is the last commodity.
stock and flow
Stock is a quantity measured at a certain point in time [as] You can have ₹50,000 in your bank account as on 1st January 2020 meaning of flowFlow The quantity measured over a specific period of time is you probably spend ₹200 per day in the canteen Gross investment It includes both the expenditure incurred by the producers on the purchase of new assets and the replacement of existing assets during an accounting year. About the accounting year Accounting year of Reserve Bank of India The accounting year of the Reserve Bank of India is between July 1 and June 30. Whereas the financial year of the country is between 1 April to 30 March.
Aspects of national income
Gross National Product (GNP) – The goods manufactured by the people of the nation which are manufactured in a given time period (time). The net value derived from them is called Gross National Product (GNP). Net National Product (NNP) – Net National Product is generally viewed from the point of view of profit, that is, the value of production is removed from the Gross National Product (GNP). After which the net national product of the nation becomes known. Formula- GNP-NNP
National Income of India
The national income of India is very necessary for the smooth operation of power towards each nation. The calculation of the national income of India was first started by Dadabhai Noroji in the year 1867-1868. At that time Noroji told according to his assessment that the per capita income of India is 20 rupees, that is, if the population at that time is divided by 20, then we will know the national income at that time. Product method and income method are adopted to find the national income of any nation, so let us know what is this method? 1. Income Method – Under this, the sum of the payments made for the resources of production is taken and it is used to estimate the GDP of the service provider like transport, governance and industry business. 2. Product Method – Under this, the net value addition of goods and all services is calculated. It is used in the fields of agriculture, animal husbandry and industry. (Currently the national income of India is assessed by the Central Statistical Organization.) Conclusion- National income serves to show the structure and status of each nation (country). It is the endeavor of all countries that they find a way to increase their national income and they get success in them. Increase in national income is essential for the development of the nation.
Real Flows and Money Flows or Intersectoral Flows:
It (Real Flow and Money Flow) refers to the flow driven by inter-regional interdependence where goods and services or money are transferred from one region to another. Inter-sectoral dependency defines how different sectors of an economy are dependent on each other. The following observations explain the interregional dependence: The domestic sector is dependent on the productive sector for consumption, for goods and services. This makes the productive sector dependent on the domestic sector for the supply of the means of production. These are essential for the production of goods and services in the economy. Hence, these are also known as factor services. Tax and non-tax revenue is the main source of income for the government. Thus, the government is dependent on the domestic and productive sector for revenue. Besides law, order and defence, the productive and domestic sectors depend on the government for administrative services. Interregional flows can be classified as:
Actual flow
Money flows
Real Flows: It refers to the flow of goods and services between different sectors of the economy. For example, the flow of factor services from households to the productive sector and the flow of goods and services from the productive sector to the domestic sector. Money Flows: It refers to the flow of money between different sectors of the economy. For example, the flow of factor payments from the productive sector to households and the flow of money into the productive sector due to the purchase of goods and services by the domestic sector.
Money Flows as Reciprocal of Real Flows:
In barter system of exchange, where goods are exchanged for goods, only real flows take place in the economy. Workers provide their labor services on farms and farms. Thus, it is known as real flow. In return they got grain, which is also the real flow. However, the barter system of exchange worked successfully only when human desires were limited. Thus, with the multiplicity of human needs, interdependence also increased manifold. As a result, the barter system proved to be an inefficient system of exchange. As a result, a monetary system of exchange is introduced in which currency is used as a medium of exchange. Thus, money flow is the reciprocal of the actual flow in that economy.